The Serve (for the right handed player)

Exercise Drill for the Serve

     A great exercise to help improve the serve is the jump squat.  Even though the arm and hand may be what is contacting the ball, a lot of the power is getting the push from the legs.  You start by standing about shoulder/hip width apart with your toes pointing foward and arms out in front of you while slightly leaning forward.  You now lower yourself into a squating position with your weight on your heels and your knees somewhat tucked towards your chest.  As you are getting ready to jump shift your weight to the balls of your feet.  You will now explode off your toes into the air while reaching up as high as you can and then landing on your toes going back into the squat position and repeating.  The main muscles being worked here are the hamstrings, quadriceps, calves, and gluteus maximus.  Doing this exercise will strengthen the muscles in your legs and increase your explosivness when performing the serve.

 

Stance

General Terminology

• Feet are shoulder width apart with your body perpendicular to the baseline with your left foot in front you pointing slight towards the net
• With the ball in your left hand and your racquet in your right hand, the will meet each other out in front you in line with your left foot around the waist line, but away from your body with your elbows at your sides
• Knees are slightly bent

Shoulder Girdle

• The right and left shoulder girdles are both abducting the serratus anterior and pectoralis minor
• All muscles are contracting concentrically  

Shoulder Joint

•  The right and left shoulder joints are bilaterally internally rotating with the latissimus dorsi, teres major,  pectoralis major, and subscapularis contracting concentrically

Elbow Joint

• The right and left elbow joints are slightly bilaterally flexing with the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis contracting isometrically

Radioulnar Joint

• The right radioulnar joint is pronating with the pronator teres and pronator quadratus contracting isometrically

• The left radioulnar joint is supinating with the biceps brachii and supinator contracting isometrically

Wrist and Hand Joint Movements

• The right hand has flexion of the fingers and thumb with the flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, and flexor pollicis longus contracting concentrically
•  The right wrist is in neutral position contracting isometrically
• The left hand has flexion of the fingers and thumb with the flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, and flexor pollicis longus contracting concentrically
• The left wrist is in neutral position contracting isometrically 
  

Preparation

General Terminology

• Right arm begins to move down, back, and then up so the racquet is now between the upper and mid back; as if your arm was back to throw a ball
• The left arm goes straight up after racket goes back and the ball is released when the hand reaches about shoulder height
• Knees begin to bend more as the ball is tossed

Shoulder Girdle

• The right shoulder girdle starts in a downward rotation and depression in which pectoralis minor and rhomboid are contracting concentrically
• The right shoulder then goes into an upward rotation in which the serratus anterior and middle and lower trapezious muscles are contracting eccentrically
• The right shoulder eventually ends up adducting in which the lower and middle trapezius and rhomboid are contracting concentrically
• The left shoulder girdle is adducting, rotating upward, and elevating so the upper and middle trapezius, levator scapula, and rhomboid are contracting concentrically  

 Shoulder Joint

• The right shoulder joint is in extension when it begins to externally rotate.  When in extension the right shoulder joint is contracting concentrically at the latissimus dorsi, teres major, lower pectoralis major, and posterior deltoid
• When the right shoulder joint is in external rotation the infraspinatus and teres minor contracting concentrically
• The left shoulder joint is in diagonal abduction with the posterior deltoid, infraspinatus, and teres minor contracting concentrically 

Elbow Joint

• The right elbow joint is flexing with the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis contracting concentrically
• The left elbow joint is extending with the triceps brachii and anconeus contracting eccentrically

Radioulnar Joint

• The right radioulnar joint is supinating with the biceps brachii and supinator contracting concentrically
• The left radioulnar joint is supinating with the biceps brachii and supinator contracting concentrically

 Wrist and Hand Joint Movements

• The right hand has flexion of the fingers and thumb with the flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, and flexor pollicis longus contracting concentrically
• The right wrist is slightly extending with the extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis brevis, and extensor carpi radialis longus contracting eccentrically
• The left hand has extension of the fingers and thumb with the extensor digitorum, extensor indicis, extensor digiti minimi, extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, and abductor pollicis longus contracting eccentrically
• The left wrist is in neutral position contracting isometrically 

 

Movement

General Terminology

• Right arm comes forward in a ball throwing/high five motion making contact with the ball at about as high as you can reach
• As the right arm starts to coming foward, the legs begin to push off the ground and your body begins to rotate to the left through the swing
• The belly button eventually ends up out towards intended target

Shoulder Girdle

• The right shoulder girdle is in upward rotation with the serratus anterior, middle and lower trapezius muscles are contracting eccentrically 
• The right shoulder girdle is also in elevation with the middle and upper trapezius, rhomboid, and levator scapula contracting concentrically 
• The left shoulder girdle is in adduction with the middle and lower trapezius and rhomboid contracting concentrically

Shoulder Joint

• The right shoulder joint is abducting with the supraspinatus, deltoid, and upper pectoralis major contracting eccentrically
• Towards the end of the movement phase, the right shoulder joint goes into flexion with the anterior deltoid and upper pectoralis major contracting eccentrically
• The left shoulder joint externally rotating with the infraspinatus and teres minor contracting concentrically   

Elbow Joint

• The right elbow joint is extending with the triceps brachii and anconeus contracting eccentrically
• The left elbow joint is flexing with the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis contracting concentrically

Radioulnar Joint

• The right radioulnar joint is pronating with the pronator teres and pronator quadratus contracting concentrically
• The left radioulnar joint is pronating with the pronator teres and pronator quadrus contracting concentrcially   

Wrist and Hand Joint Movements

• The right hand has flexion of the fingers and thumb with the flexor digitorum superificialis, flexor digitorum profundus, and flexor pollicis longus contracting concentrically
• The right wrist goes back to neutral position contracting concentrically
• The left hand has extension of the fingers and thumb with the extensor digitorum, extensor indicis, extensor digiti minimi, extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, and abductor pollicis longus contracting isometrically
• The left wrist is in neutral position contracting isometrically 
  

Follow Through

General Terminology

• Right arm comes around lower left side of body
• Weight of body is on the left leg for about a second maintaining the body's balance and then right leg comes down in front of you

Shoulder Girdle

• The right shoulder girdle is in abduction, depression, and downward rotation with the pectoralis minor and serratus anterior are contracting eccentrically
• The left shoulder girdle is adducting with the middle and lower trapezius along with the rhomboid are contracting concentrically 

Shoulder Joint

• The right shoulder joint is diagonally adducting with the pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, and coracobrachialis contracting concentrically
• The right shoulder joint is also internally rotating with the latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major, and subscapularis contracting concentrically
• The left shoulder joint is rotating externally with the infraspinatus and teres minor contracting isometrically 

Elbow Joint

• The right elbow joint is extending with the triceps brachii and anconeus contracting isometrically
• The left elbow joint is extending with the triceps brachii and anconeus contracting eccentrically

Radioulnar Joint

• The right radioulnar joint is pronating with the pronator teres and pronator quadratus contracting isometrically
• The left radioulnar joint is pronating with the pronator teres and pronator quadratus contracting isometrically

Wrist and Hand Joint Movements

• The right hand has flexion of the fingers and thumb with the flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, and flexor pollicis longus contracting concentrically 
• The right wrist is flexing with the flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, and flexor pollicis longus contracting eccentrically
• The left hand has flexion of the fingers and thumb with the flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, and flexor pollicis longus contracting concentrically
• The left wrist is in neutral position contracting isometrically  
  

Recovery

General Terminology

• Both feet will now be on the ground with the knees slightly bent 
• Player will move back to right behind the center of the baseline
• The racquet will be in front of us in our ready position out between the waist and chest area

Shoulder Girdle

To get to recovery position:

• The right shoulder girdle adducts with the lower and middle trapezius and rhomboid contracting concentrically
• The left shoulder girdle abducts with the pectoralis minor and serratus anterior contracting concentrically

 Once in that postion: 

• The right and left shoulder girdles are now both in abduction again; the pectoralis minor, subclavius, and serratus anterior are contracting isometrically 

Shoulder Joint

To get to recovery position:

• Right shoulder joint externally rotates with the infraspinatus and teres minor contracting concentrically
• Left shoulder joint internally rotates with the latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major, and subscapularis contracting concentrically

Once in the recovery position: 

• The right and left shoulder joints are bilaterally internally rotated with the latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major, and subscapularis contracting isometrically

Elbow Joint

• The right elbow joint flexes with the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis contracting concentrically
• The left elbow joint flexes with the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis contracting concentrically 

Radioulnar Joint

• The right radioulnar joint pronates with the pronator teres and pronator quadratus contracts concentrically
• The left radioulnar joint pronates with the pronator teres and pronator quadratus contracts concentrically

Wrist and Hand Joint Movements

• The right hand has flexion of the fingers and thumb with the flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, and flexor pollicis longus contracting concentrically
• The right wrist slightly extends back into neutral position with the extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis brevis, and extensor carpi radialis longus contracting concentrically
• The left hand has flexion of the fingers and thumb with the flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, and flexor pollicis longus contracting concentrically
• The left wrist is in neutral position contracting isometrically 
  

The Forehand (for the right handed player)

Exercise Drill for the Forehand

     A good exercise to help prevent injury on the forehand is the side lunge.  As you can see in the video above, I am hitting an open stance forehand which means I am stepping out to the side with my right leg and most of my weight is now on my right foot.  For the side lunge you will start with your feet shoulder/hip width apart with your toes pointing forward.  Your weight stays on your heels while your head faces forward.  You will now step out to the side so you feel the groin muscle stretch with your stepping toe pointing in the same direction as that knee; the stepping knee is now flexing and getting closer to the ground.  Your weight is on your heels throughout the movement and the rest of your body should not be leaning forward; the upper body is vertical with the chest up and the abs are contracting.  Hold lunge for a few seconds and then slowly return the leg to the starting postion and repeat.  The main muscles being worked with the side lunge are the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius/minimus, quadriceps, and adductors.  This benefits the forehand because when on the run, you will be moving faster, stretching farther, and the weight on that leg will be heavier.  Therefore, the side lunge will increase your flexibility and help prevent those muscles from getting torn.     

 

Stance

General Terminology

• Standing with feet shoulder width apart parallel to the baseline
• Racquet is held out in front of us between the waist and chest
• Knees are slightly bent

Shoulder Girdle

• The right and left shoulder girdle are both in abduction with the pectoralis minor and serratus anterior contracting concentrically 

Shoulder Joint

• The right and left shoulder joints are bilaterally internally rotating with the latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major, and subscapularis are contracting concentrically

Elbow Joint

•  The right and left elbow joints are bilaterally flexing with the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis contracting concentrically

Radioulnar Joint

• The right and left radioulnar joints are bilaterally pronating with the pronator teres and pronator quadratus contracting concentrically  

Wrist and Hand Joint Movements

• The right and left hand joints have bilateral flexion of the fingers and thumb with the flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, and flexor pollicis longus contracting concentrically
• The right and left wrist joints are bilaterally in the neutral position contracting isometrically 
  

Preparation

General Terminology

• Both shoulders and hips turn/rotate to your right and the racquet (right arm) moves back and to the right in the motion of a small backwards C so the racquet is now down between your right hip and knee; the top of the racquet is now pointing almost straight behind you
• Your right elbow stays close to your body
• The right leg takes small step to the right so that a little more pressure is on that side of the body
• The left arm is kept out in front of you

Shoulder Girdle

• The right shoulder girdle is adducting with the middle and lower trapezius and rhomboid contracting concentrically
• The left shoulder girdle is abducting with the pectoralis minor, subclavius, and serratus anterior contracting isometrically

Shoulder Joint

• The right shoulder joint externally rotates with the infraspinatus and teres minor contracting eccentrically
• The left shoulder joint internally rotates with the latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major, and subscapularis contracting isometrically

Elbow Joint

• Initially the right elbow starts out slightly flexing more than it already is with the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis contracting concentrically
• During the second half of the preparation the right elbow begins to slightly extend with the triceps brachii and anconeus contract eccentrically
• The left elbow slightly flexes with the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachoradialis contracting concentrically

Radioulnar Joint

• The right radioulnar joint is initially pronating with the pronator teres and pronator quadratus contracting concentrically
• In the second half of the preparation phase the right radioulnar joint is moving from pronation to supination with the biceps brachii and supinator contracting concentrically
• The left radioulnar joint is pronating with the pronator teres and pronator quadratus contracting isometrically  

Wrist and Hand Joint Movements

• The right hand has flexion of the fingers and thumb with the flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, and flexor pollicis longus contracting concentrically
• The right wrist slightly extends with the extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis brevis, and extensor carpi radialis longus contracting eccentrically
• The left hand has slight flexion of the fingers and thumb with the flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, and flexor pollicis longus contracting concentrically 
• The left wrist is in neutral position contracting isometrically
  

Movement

General Terminology

• Right arm begins to move up and forward to make contact with the ball in front of you; you are lining the ball up with the front of your right foot
• Swing towards the net even after contact is made
• Hips and shoulders begin rotating to the left
• Knees are bent

Shoulder Girdle

• The right shoulder is abducting with the pectoralis minor and serratus anterior contracting eccentrically 
• The left shoulder is adducting with the middle and lower trapezius, and rhomboid contracting concentrically

Shoulder Joint 

• The right shoulder joint is internally rotating with the latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major, and subscapularis contracting concentrically
• The left shoulder joint is externally rotating with the infraspinatus and teres minor contracting eccentrically

Elbow Joint

• At the start of the movement phase the right elbow joint is still in extending (not fully) with the triceps brachii and anconeus contracting isometrically
• During the second half of the movement phase the right elbow joint briefly moves into full extension with the triceps brachii and anconeus contracting eccentrically
• The left elbow joint is flexing with the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis contracting concentrically

Radioulnar Joint

• The right radioulnar joint is supinating with the biceps brachii and supinator contracting isometrically
• The left radioulnar joint is pronating with the pronator teres and pronator quadratus contracting concentrically 

Wrist and Hand Joint Movements

• The right hand has flexion of the fingers and thumb with the flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, and flexor pollicis longus contracting concentrically
• The right wrist is slightly extended with the extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus, and extensor digitorum contracting eccentrically
• The left hand has slight flexion of the fingers and thumb with the flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, and flexor pollicis longus contracting concentrically
• The left wrist is in neutral position contracting isometrically     
  

Follow Through

General Terminology

• Right arm is now coming around the body so the racquet is over the left shoulder
• The right elbow is out in front of your body somewhere between the chin and nose
• Hips and shoulders have rotated to the left so that your body is now going towards your intended target
• Knees are still slightly bent

Shoulder Girdle

• Right shoulder girdle is in abduction with the pectoralis minor and serratus anterior contracting eccentrically
• Left shoulder is in adduction with the middle and lower trapezius and rhomboid contracting concentrically 

Shoulder Joint

• The right shoulder joint is horizontally adducting with the pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, and coracobrachialis contracting concentrically
• The right shoulder joint is also internally rotating with the latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major, and subscapularis major contracting concentrically
• The left shoulder joint is externally rotating with the infraspinatus and teres minor contracting eccentrically

Elbow Joint

• The right elbow joint is flexing with the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis contracting concentrically
• The left elbow joint is flexed with the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis contracting concentrically 

Radioulnar joint

• The right radioulnar joint is pronating with the pronator teres and pronator quadratus contracting concentrically
• The left radioulnar joint is pronating with the pronator teres and pronator quadratus contracting concentrically 

Wrist and Hand Joint Movements

• The right hand has flexion of the fingers and thumb with the flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, and flexor pollicis longus contracting concentrically
• The right wrist has now slight flexed back to neutral position with the flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, and flexor pollicis longus contracting concentrically
• The left hand has flexion of the fingers and thumb with the flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, and flexor pollicis longus contracting concentrically
• The left wrist is in neutral position contracting isometrically 
  

Recovery

General Terminology

• Racquet comes back to ready position so it is in the center of the body so it is out in front of you between the waist and chest
• Knees are slightly bent 

Shoulder Girdle

To get to recovery position:

• Right shoulder girdle adducts with the middle and lower trapezius and rhomboid contracting concentrically
• Left shoulder girdle abducts with the pectoralis minor and serratus anterior contracting concentrically

Once in the recovery position:

• Both right and left shoulders are in abduction with the pectoralis minor and serratus anterior contracting isometrically   

Shoulder Joint

To get to recovery position:

• Right shoulder joint externally rotates with the infraspinatus and teres minor contracting concentrically
• Left shoulder joint internally rotates with the latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major, and subscapularis contracting concentrically

Once in the recovery position: 

• Both the right and left shoulder joints are bilaterally internally rotating with the latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major, and subscapularis contracting isometrically  

Elbow Joint
To get to recovery position:

• The right elbow joint is flexing with the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis contracting isometrically
• The left elbow joint is flexing with the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis contracting isometrically

Radioulnar Joint
To get to recovery position:

• The right radioulnar joint is pronating with the pronator teres and pronator quadratus contracting isometrically
• The left radioulnar joint is pronating with the pronator teres and pronator quadratus contracting isometrically

Wrist and Hand Joint Movements

• The right hand has flexion of the fingers and thumb with the flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, and flexor pollicis longus contracting concentrically
• The right wrist is in neutral position contracting isometrically
• The left hand has flexion of the fingers and thumb with the flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, and flexor pollicis longus contracting concentrically
• The left wrist is in neutral position contracting isometrically           

The Two-Handed Backhand (for the right handed player)

Exercise for the Backhand

     An exercise to help improve the backhand is the side medicine ball throw while standing.  You will start by holding the medicine ball out in front of you with one hand on each side of the ball but more towards the underside of it.  You will now begin to bring the ball to the lower left side of your body so the ball is now slightly behind the left hip with the knees slightly bent. This motion will also include the twisting and rotating of the hips, torso, and shoulders with the elbows in full extension; your body should now be sideways with the right foot in front and left in back.  With the weight on the back (left) foot, the driving force of the throw starts with the back (left) hip coming forward (rotating to the right).  The trunk and arms now follow the hip with the arms going up and forward and releasing the ball with the elbows still in extension; this entire movement is completed at a fairly strenuous pace.  Make sure you are keeping your back mainly straight and keeping your chest up especially after the release.  This exercise helps strengthen the upper body and increase your explosiveness through the entire rotation (hips, torso, shoulders) while hitting the backhand.  If you do not have someone to toss the medicine ball back to you, you can perform this exercise while standing a couple feet away from a wall. 

 

Stance

General Terminology

• Standing with feet shoulder width apart parallel to the baseline
• Racquet is held out in front of us between the waist and chest
• Knees are slightly bent

Shoulder Girdle

• Both right and left shoulders are in abduction with the pectoralis minor and serratus anterior contracting concentrically 

Shoulder Joint

• The right and left shoulder joints are bilaterally internally rotating with the latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major, and subscapularis contracting concentrically

Elbow Joint

• The right and left elbow joints are bilaterally flexing with the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis contracting concentrically

Radioulnar Joint 

• The right and left radioulnar joints are bilaterally pronating with the pronator teres and pronator quadratus contracting concentrically  

Wrist and Hand Joint Movements

• The right and left hands have bilateral flexion of the fingers and thumb with the flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, and flexor pollicis longus contracting concentrically
• The right and left wrists are bilaterally in the neutral position contracting isometrically 
  

Preparation

General Terminology

• Shoulders and hips turn/rotate to the left
• Racquet goes back and to the left in the motion of a small letter C so eventually the right arm is straight and the left arm is slightly bent - the racquet face is now behind you and somewhere between the left hip and knee with both elbows close to the body; the top of the racquet is pointing almost straight behind you
• Both knees are still slightly bent

Shoulder Girdle

• Right shoulder is in abduction with the pectoralis minor and serratus anterior contracting eccentrically
• Right shoulder is also in downward rotation with the pectoralis minor and rhomboids contracting concentrically
• Left shoulder is adducting with the middle and lower trapezius and rhomboid contracting concentrically

Shoulder Joint

• The right shoulder joint is internally rotating with the latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major, and subscapularis contracting concentrically
• The right shoulder joint is also adducting with the latissimus dorsi, teres major, and lower pectoralis major contracting concentrically
• The left shoulder joint is externally rotating with the infraspinatus and teres minor contracting eccentrically  

Elbow Joint

• Initially the left elbow starts out slightly flexing more than it already is with the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis contracting concentrically  
• During the second half of the preparation the left elbow begins to slightly extend with the triceps brachii and anconeus contract eccentrically 
• The right elbow joint is extending with the triceps brachii and anconeus contracting eccentrically

Radioulnar Joint

• The left radioulnar joint is initially pronating with the pronator teres and pronator quadratus contracting concentrically 
• In the second half of the preparation phase the left radioulnar joint is moving from pronation to supination with the biceps brachii and supinator contracting concentrically
• The right radioulnar joint is pronating with the pronator teres and pronator quadratus contracting concentrically 

Wrist and Hand Joint Movements

• The right hand has flexion of the fingers and thumb with the flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, and flexor pollicis longus contracting concentrically
• The right wrist is in neutral position contracting isometrically
• The left hand has flexion of the the fingers and thumb with the flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, and flexor pollicis longus contracting concentrically
• The left wrist is slightly extending with the extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis brevis, and extensor carpi radialis longus contracting eccentrically    

 

Movement

General Terminology

• The right foot now steps forward towards intended target
• The left arm drives the racquet forward and up while the right arm is there more to support the racquet even though it is coming forward as well
• Keep swing racquet foward even after contact until the left arm is forced to straighten
• Begin to rotate the hips and shoulders to the right so your body is now going to your intended target

Shoulder Girdle

• The right shoulder is adducting with the middle and lower trapezius and rhomboid contracting concentrically
• The left shoulder is abducting with the pectoralis minor and serratus anterior contracting eccentrically 

Shoulder Joint

• The right shoulder joint is externally rotating with the infraspinatus and teres minor contracting eccentrically
• The left shoulder joint is internally rotating with the latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major, and subscapularis contracting concentrically

Elbow Joint

• At the start of the movement phase the left elbow joint is still in extending (not fully) with the triceps brachii and anconeus contracting isometrically
• During the second half of the movement phase the left elbow briefly fully extends with the triceps brachii and anconeus contracting eccentrically
• At the start of the movement phase the right elbow joint is in full extension with the triceps brachii and anconeus contracting isometrically
• During the second half of the movement phase the right elbow begins to slightly flex with the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis contracting concentrically

Radioulnar Joint

• The left radioulnar joint is supinating with the biceps brachii and supinator contracting isometrically
• The right radioulnar joint is pronating with the pronator teres and pronator quadratus contracting isometrically

Wrist and Hand Joint Movements

• The right hand has flexion of the fingers and thumb with the flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, and flexor pollicis longus contracting concentrically
• The right wrist is in neutral position contracting isometrically
• The left hand has flexion of the fingers and thumb with the flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, and flexor pollicis longus contracting concentrically
• The left wrist is slightly extending with the extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis brevis, and extensor carpi radialis longus contracting eccentrically